![]() Each such orbital can be occupied by a maximum of two electrons, each with its own projection of spin m s. As an alternative to the magnetic quantum number, the orbitals are often labeled by the associated harmonic polynomials (e.g., xy, x 2 − y 2). Įach orbital in an atom is characterized by a set of values of the three quantum numbers n, ℓ, and m l, which respectively correspond to the electron's energy, its angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component ( magnetic quantum number). The term atomic orbital may also refer to the physical region or space where the electron can be calculated to be present, as predicted by the particular mathematical form of the orbital. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. In atomic theory and quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital ( / ˈ ɔːr b ɪ t ə l/) is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. The most reactive elements and compounds may ignite spontaneously or explosively. The reaction can involve the substance on its own or with other atoms or compounds, generally accompanied by a release of energy. To see the elongated shape of ψ( x, y, z) 2 functions that show probability density more directly, see pictures of d-orbitals below. In chemistry, reactivity is a measure of how readily a substance undergoes a chemical reaction. Each picture is domain coloring of a ψ( x, y, z) function which depends on the coordinates of one electron. ![]() ![]() The two colors show the phase or sign of the wave function in each region. The shapes of the first five atomic orbitals are: 1s, 2s, 2p x, 2p y, and 2p z. For the collection of spaceflight orbits, see Orbital shell (spaceflight).
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